Archbishop Averky
HIS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE ECUMENICAL
ORTHODOX CHURCH
by Blessed Hieromonk Seraphim (Rose)
"Alas! His golden lips
have been silenced!"
Too often have we Orthodox Christians grown used to "taking
for granted" the great men in our midst, of not valuing them as we ought
until they have departed from us—and even then not evaluating them properly,
and letting their significance and their teaching slip away from us into oblivion.
Archbishop Averky was one of the last giants of 20th-century
Orthodoxy, not merely of the Russian Church Outside of Russia, or even of Russian
Orthodoxy—but of the whole of the 20th-century Orthodox Church.
Born Alexander Pavlovich Taushev on October 19 (Nov. 1) 1906,
in Kazan, Archbishop Averky was of a noble family. His father was a government
official whose duties took him to many parts of Russia, allowing young Alexander
to have a first-hand acquaintance with the heart of Holy Russia, its monasteries
and holy places; the memory of these places remained with him all his life, even
though he left his homeland while still a young teenager. Even at that tender
age he was attracted to books of a spiritual nature, such as Unseen Warfare,
and already from the age of seven or eight he began to feel an alienation from
the ordinary life of the world and a subconscious attraction towards the monastic
life.
In the midst of the civil war that followed on the Revolution
of 1917, the Taushev family left Russia, in 1920, with great grief of soul. The
family settled in the Bulgarian city of Varna, where Alexander attended school
until 1926. The chief religious influence for him at this time was the local parish
church and its priest, Father John Slunin.
Then, in 1925, a bishop came to Varna who was to give Alexander's
life its direction: Archbishop Theophan of Poltava, a strict monk, a man of prayer,
and theologian in the true Patristic tradition. After meeting him, the young student
resolved to undertake the monastic way of life. Wit Archbishop Theophan's blessing,
he attended the Theological Faculty of the University of Sophia, and on graduating
from it with brilliant success in 1930 he went to Carpatho-Russia (in Czechoslovakia)
with the intention of becoming a monk and serving the Russian Church. Tonsured
a monk there in 1931, and ordained priestmonk the next year, he served several
parishes and assisted the abbot of the monastery of St. Nicholas near the village
of Iza. Soon he also undertook responsibilities as editor of the diocesan periodical
and teacher of catechism in secondary schools.
When Carpatho-Russia was occupied by the Magyars in 1940, Father
Averky went to Belgrade and served under Metropolitan Anastassy, Chief Hierarch
of the Russian Church Abroad, conducting courses in religious subjects both for
seminarians and laymen.
When the Synod of Bishops moved to Munich in 1945, he followed
it and continued his work of the religious education of youth. In 1950 he was
appointed by the Synod as chairman of its Missionary Education Committee. When
he came to America in 1951 he was invited to the newly-organized Holy Trinity
Seminary at Jordanville, New York, to teach New Testament, Liturgics, and Homiletics.
In 1952 he became Rector of the Seminary, in 1953 Bishop of Syracuse, and in 1960,
at the death of Archbishop Vitaly, Abbot of Holy Trinity Monastery. In these positions
he continued until his death his life's work of enlightening the Orthodox faithful,
both the future pastors of the seminary (about 100 priests came from the seminary
in these years) and all those who read the Monastery's publications, which were
all solid works of Orthodox piety and theology. His sermons appeared frequently
in the Monastery's bimonthly publication, Orthodox Russia, and his own
books included textbooks on Homiletics and the interpretation of the New Testament
(2 volumes), collections of his sermons and articles, and works on the life and
letters of his beloved Abba, Archbishop Theophan.
All of the writings of Archbishop Averky bear one and the same
character of love for God's truth, righteous zeal in expressing it, and urgent
exhortation to others to follow it.
The abundance with which his golden lips gushed the sweet honey
of the pure teaching of Orthodoxy, especially in his most fruitful last years,
has perhaps helped to hide from us the rarity and even uniqueness of his teaching
in our evil days. We have grown so used to his flaming and bold words that we
have not noticed that he was virtually the only hierarch of any Orthodox church
writing in any language with such boldness and uprightness in defense of Orthodoxy.
In earlier centuries the Church had many Holy Fathers writing
in defense of Orthodoxy against the numerous heresies which attacked her singly
or together. But in our day, when Orthodox Christians are losing the savor of
Orthodoxy and virtually all the Local Orthodox Churches are giving in to the apostasy
of our times, his voice was almost the only one to continue speaking the truth
with such vigor and boldness, even amid the many infirmities of his old age. Truly,
he was a champion of Orthodoxy in our age when faith is growing cold.
His view of the contemporary world was sober, precise, and
entirely inspired by the Sacred Scripture and Holy Fathers of the Church: He taught
that we live in the age of the Apostasy, the falling away from true Christianity,
when the "mystery of iniquity" has entered its final stage of preparation
for the "man of sin," Antichrist (II Thessalonians 2:3-12). Archbishop
Averky traced the development of this Apostasy in particular from the time of
the schism of the Church of Rome (1054 AD), through the era of Humanism, the Renaissance
and Reformation, the French Revolution, 19th-century materialism and communism,
culminating in the Russian Revolution of 1917, which removed the last great barrier
to the working of the mystery of iniquity and the coming of Antichrist. (See his
book, True Orthodoxy and the Contemporary World, pp. 18-21; the quotes
that follow are all from this book).
In such an age, he writes, "to be a true Orthodox Christian,
ready unto death to preserve one's faithfulness to Christ the Saviour, in our
days is much more difficult than in the first centuries of Christianity"
(p. 17). Although often open (in the lands under communist control), the persecution
against Christianity today is more often hidden. "Under the covering of a
deceptive outward appearance that looks good and leads many into error, in actuality
there is occurring everywhere today a hidden persecution against Christianity…
This persecution is much more dangerous and frightful than the previous open persecution,
for it threatens a complete devastation of souls—spiritual death" (18).
He often quoted the words of St. Theophan the Recluse about the latter times:
"Although the name of Christian will be heard everywhere, and everywhere
there will be churches and church services, all this will be only an appearance,
while within there will be a true apostasy" (21).
In fulfillment of these words in our own days, Archbishop Averky
writes, "The Christian world, it is frightful to say, presents today a frightful,
cheerless picture of the most profound religious and moral decadence" (22).
The temptation of worldly comfort and prosperity drive God away from the soul.
"The servants of antichrist more than anything else strive to force God out
of the life of men, so that men, satisfied with their material comfort, might
not feel any need to turn to God in prayer, might not remember God, but might
live as though He did not exist. Therefore, the whole order of today's life in
the so-called 'free' countries, where there is no open bloody persecution against
faith, where everyone has the right to believe as he wishes, is an even greater
danger for the soul of a Christian (than open persecution), for it chains him
entirely to the earth, compelling him to forget about heaven. The whole of contemporary
'culture,' directed to purely earthly attainments and the frantic whirlpool of
life bound up with it, keeps a man in a constant state of emptiness and distraction
which give no opportunity for one to go at least a little deeper into his soul,
and so the spiritual life in him gradually dies out" (29). All of contemporary
life, on the public level, is a preparation for the coming of Antichrist: "All
that is happening today on the highest level of religion, government, and public
life… is nothing else than an intense work of preparation by the servants
of the coming Antichrist for his future kingdom" (24), and this work is being
done as much by "Christians" as by non-Christians (18).
After painting such a grim picture of the present and future,
Archbishop Averky calls on Orthodox Christians to struggle against the spirit
of this world that lies in evil. "All who in the present day desire to preserve
faithfulness to Christ the Saviour must guard themselves especially against every
attraction towards earthly goods and against being deceived by them. It is extremely
dangerous to give oneself over to every desire to make a career for oneself, to
make a name for oneself, to obtain authority and influence in society, to acquire
wealth, to surround oneself with luxury and comfort" (28).
To those willing to struggle to preserve their faith, Archbishop
Averky offers a sober and inspiring path of confession: "Now is the time
of confession—of a firm standing, if need be even to death, for one's
Orthodox faith, which is being subjected everywhere to open and secret attacks,
oppression, and persecution on the part of the servants of the coming Antichrist"
(28). We must be true Christians, not given in to the spirit of the times, making
the Church the center of our lives (26). Giving thanks to God for the existence
of our Russian Church Outside of Russia, "which has not tainted itself by
submitting to the dark powers of Antichrist that are acting in the contemporary
world" (24), we must be "its faithful and devoted children, and at the
same time its missionaries, fighters for the true faith of Christ, both in the
non-Orthodox environment that surrounds us and among the Russian people who have
fallen away or are falling away from it" (27). We must lead a conscious life
of prayer, nourished by the reading of Scripture and the Holy Fathers and by frequent
confession and reception of Holy Communion (30).
The path ahead of us, despite the deceptive promises of modern
"progress," is a path of suffering: "The Lord has clearly said
that it is not 'progress' that awaits us, but ever greater tribulations and misfortunes
as a result of the increase of lawlessness and the growing cold of love; when
He comes, He will scarcely find faith on earth (St. Luke 18:8)."
The strength of the true Christian in the terrible times ahead
is the apocalyptic expectation of the Second Coming of Christ: "The spirit
of a constant expectation of the Second Coming of Christ is the original Christian
spirit, which cries out in prayer to the Lord: Even so, come, Lord Jesus
(Apocalypse 22:20). And the spirit opposed to this is undoubtedly the spirit of
Antichrist, which strives by every means to draw Christians away from the thought
of the Second Coming of Christ and the recompense which follows on it. Those who
give in to this spirit subject themselves to the danger of not recognizing Antichrist
when he comes and of falling into his nets. Precisely this is the most frightful
thing in the contemporary world, which is filled with every possible deception
and temptation. The servants of Antichrist, as the Lord Himself has forewarned
us, will try, 'if possible, the deceive the very elect' (St. Matthew 24:24). The
thought of this, however, should not oppress or crush us, but on the contrary,
as the Lord Himself says, Then look up, and lift up your heads, for your redemption
draweth night (St. Luke 21:28)."
It is such a man, a true Holy Father of these latter times,
filled with the Christian apocalyptic expectation of Christ's Second Coming and
with the sober Orthodox spirit of preparedness for it, who is the author of a
patristic commentary on the culminating book of the New Testament Scriptures,
the Apocalypse of St. John the Theologian. Although his interpretation of the
book is based solidly on the early Fathers of the Church, the very fact that he
himself is s o much in their spirit, and in the spirit of St. John, is a pledge
for us of the accuracy of his commentary, as well as of the fact that it can speak
not merely to our curious minds, but also and above all to our believing hearts.
Archbishop Averky was an Orthodox scholar in the unbroken tradition of patristic
thought which has come down to us from the ancient Fathers to our own days, and
which he imbibed most of all in his own teachers, the 19th-century St. Theophan
the Recluse (†1894) and the 20th-century Theophan of Poltava (†1940),
a modern day cave dweller and an unblemished teacher of the Orthodox moral and
spiritual life, he is also an unrivaled theological and patristic guide for us.
There are few saints left in our pitiful times. But even if
we do not see about us now such upright and righteous ones as he, his teaching
remains with us and can be our guiding beacon in the even darker days ahead which
he foresaw, when the Church may have to go into the wilderness, like the Woman
of the Apocalypse (ch. 12)—the Church of the last times.
Reprinted from The Orthodox Word,
Vol. 17, Nos. 5-6 (100-101) September—December, 1981